Copper

Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in critical enzymes like superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defense) and cytochrome c oxidase (energy production). It supports collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, immune function, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining adequate copper levels is crucial for preventing deficiency-related health issues, which can impact overall healthspan by impairing cellular function and increasing oxidative stress.

Verdict

Maintain adequate copper intake; avoid excessive supplementation.

Protocol

• Adults typically consume 0.9 mg/day (RDA) from diet; supplementation usually 1-2 mg/day.

Flags

• Excess copper intake can cause gastrointestinal distress, liver damage, and neurological issues.
• High zinc intake can interfere with copper absorption and metabolism, potentially leading to deficiency.
• Individuals with Wilson's disease have impaired copper metabolism and require specific medical management.
• The safe upper intake level (UL) for adults is 10 mg/day; exceeding this increases toxicity risk.