Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It works primarily by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways (bronchodilation), making it easier to breathe. Its use has declined due to the development of safer alternatives and its narrow therapeutic window, which requires careful monitoring to avoid toxicity.
Verdict
Effective for asthma/COPD but high risk; requires strict medical supervision.
HEALTHSPAN IMPACT
High Value
RISK LEVEL
High
EVIDENCE GRADE
A
MONTHLY COST
$15 - $40
Protocol
- Typically dosed at 300-600 mg per day, adjusted to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations of 10-20 mcg/mL.
Flags
- Has a very narrow therapeutic index, meaning the effective dose is close to the toxic dose.
- Requires regular blood level monitoring to ensure safety and efficacy.
- Numerous significant drug interactions, including with certain antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) and antacids.
- Toxicity can cause life-threatening seizures and cardiac arrhythmias.
- Common side effects include nausea, headache, insomnia, and rapid heart rate.
- Caffeine consumption can increase drug levels and risk of side effects.